1 00:00:01,230 --> 00:00:03,100 What is free software ? 2 00:00:03,780 --> 00:00:08,179 Free software means software that respects the users freedom 3 00:00:09,495 --> 00:00:10,977 Typical software 4 00:00:11,213 --> 00:00:13,300 That most people still use 5 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:15,497 Is proprietary software 6 00:00:15,698 --> 00:00:18,183 That means non free software 7 00:00:18,420 --> 00:00:22,069 Softwares that keeps the users divided and helpless 8 00:00:23,715 --> 00:00:26,921 Typically the users are divided 9 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,689 Because each one is forbidden to share with anyone else 10 00:00:30,789 --> 00:00:32,420 And the users are helpless 11 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:35,095 Because non of them have the source code 12 00:00:35,195 --> 00:00:37,469 So they can't change anything 13 00:00:37,569 --> 00:00:40,819 They can't even tell what the program is really doing 14 00:00:41,244 --> 00:00:44,193 But free software respect the users freedom 15 00:00:44,493 --> 00:00:45,743 What does that mean ? 16 00:00:47,193 --> 00:00:52,117 Free software means that the users have four essential freedoms 17 00:00:52,942 --> 00:00:56,592 Freedoms that every software user ought to have 18 00:00:57,067 --> 00:00:58,341 Freedom Zero 19 00:00:58,441 --> 00:01:00,579 Is the freedom to run the program 20 00:01:00,716 --> 00:01:01,791 As you wish 21 00:01:02,228 --> 00:01:03,766 Freedom One 22 00:01:03,866 --> 00:01:06,674 Is the freedom to study the source code of the program 23 00:01:06,827 --> 00:01:07,827 And change it 24 00:01:07,990 --> 00:01:10,442 So that it does what you wish when you run it 25 00:01:11,216 --> 00:01:12,347 Freedom Two 26 00:01:12,447 --> 00:01:13,447 Is the freedom 27 00:01:13,547 --> 00:01:17,429 To make copies and distribute them to others when you wish 28 00:01:18,163 --> 00:01:19,447 And Freedom Three 29 00:01:19,579 --> 00:01:20,579 Is the freedom 30 00:01:20,679 --> 00:01:23,490 To distribute copies of your modified versions 31 00:01:23,590 --> 00:01:24,590 When you wish 32 00:01:24,956 --> 00:01:26,424 Freedom Two 33 00:01:26,524 --> 00:01:27,583 Is also known 34 00:01:27,683 --> 00:01:30,104 As the freedom to help your neighbor 35 00:01:30,955 --> 00:01:32,306 And freedom Three 36 00:01:32,816 --> 00:01:35,401 Is the freedom to help build your community 37 00:01:36,582 --> 00:01:37,582 If a program 38 00:01:37,682 --> 00:01:40,422 Gives you all four of these essential freedoms 39 00:01:40,826 --> 00:01:42,496 That means it's free software 40 00:01:43,123 --> 00:01:44,123 Because 41 00:01:44,223 --> 00:01:45,612 The social system 42 00:01:46,108 --> 00:01:48,744 Of the program distribution and use 43 00:01:48,844 --> 00:01:49,844 Is ethical 44 00:01:50,022 --> 00:01:53,386 Respecting the freedom of everyone 45 00:01:53,486 --> 00:01:57,102 But if one of these freedoms is substantially missing 46 00:01:57,483 --> 00:02:00,960 That means that the program is proprietary software 47 00:02:01,353 --> 00:02:05,469 It means that the social system of the programs distribution and use 48 00:02:05,968 --> 00:02:06,968 Is Unethical 49 00:02:07,605 --> 00:02:09,950 Such software should not be developed 50 00:02:10,075 --> 00:02:11,682 And it should not be used 51 00:02:12,047 --> 00:02:16,171 Distributing developing proprietary software is not 52 00:02:16,271 --> 00:02:18,657 A contribution to society 53 00:02:18,757 --> 00:02:20,777 It creates a social problem 54 00:02:21,328 --> 00:02:23,387 And the aim of the free software movement 55 00:02:23,565 --> 00:02:25,220 Is to correct this problem 56 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:26,320 By moving 57 00:02:26,420 --> 00:02:27,420 To Free software 58 00:02:28,466 --> 00:02:33,305 But why define free software this way ? what make these four freedoms essential ? 59 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:36,062 Freedom Two 60 00:02:36,162 --> 00:02:37,162 The freedom 61 00:02:37,262 --> 00:02:41,739 The freedom to help your neighbor, the freedom to distribute copies of the program to others 62 00:02:42,182 --> 00:02:43,386 Is essential 63 00:02:43,549 --> 00:02:45,584 On basic morale grounds 64 00:02:45,684 --> 00:02:48,302 So that you can live an upright life 65 00:02:48,411 --> 00:02:50,329 As a good member of your community 66 00:02:51,044 --> 00:02:54,406 If you don't have freedom number two then your are in danger 67 00:02:54,506 --> 00:02:56,861 In falling into a morale dilemma 68 00:02:56,961 --> 00:02:57,961 At any moment 69 00:02:58,061 --> 00:02:59,061 Whenever 70 00:02:59,161 --> 00:03:00,542 Your friend says 71 00:03:00,642 --> 00:03:02,678 "Can I have a copy of that program ?" 72 00:03:03,229 --> 00:03:06,717 At that moment you would be forced to use between two evils 73 00:03:06,996 --> 00:03:08,953 One evils is too 74 00:03:09,311 --> 00:03:13,481 Give your friend a copy and violate the license of the program 75 00:03:13,581 --> 00:03:14,662 The other evil 76 00:03:14,762 --> 00:03:19,516 Is to deny your friend a copy and comply with the license of the program 77 00:03:20,642 --> 00:03:24,323 Being in a dilemma you ought to choose the lesser evil 78 00:03:24,423 --> 00:03:25,519 Witch is 79 00:03:25,619 --> 00:03:29,706 Too give your friend a copy and violating the license of the program 80 00:03:30,731 --> 00:03:33,511 What makes this evil the lesser evil 81 00:03:34,544 --> 00:03:38,863 We can assume your friend is a decent person and helpful 82 00:03:38,963 --> 00:03:41,301 And deserves your cooperation 83 00:03:42,497 --> 00:03:45,317 Because if he didn't you just say "why should I help you ?" 84 00:03:45,456 --> 00:03:46,994 That case is no problem 85 00:03:47,250 --> 00:03:52,291 Therefore lets look at the case witch is a problem were it's a decent person a good friend 86 00:03:53,394 --> 00:03:54,582 Where as 87 00:03:54,908 --> 00:03:57,797 The developer of the propitiatory program 88 00:03:58,023 --> 00:04:01,976 Has deliberately attacked the social solidarity of your community 89 00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:04,523 Witch is doing something very bad 90 00:04:04,927 --> 00:04:08,189 So if you can't help doing some kind of wrong to somebody 91 00:04:08,547 --> 00:04:10,442 Better to choose the wrong 92 00:04:10,542 --> 00:04:11,591 That's directed at 93 00:04:11,691 --> 00:04:13,121 Somebody who deserves it 94 00:04:13,245 --> 00:04:14,845 Somebody who has done wrong 95 00:04:15,133 --> 00:04:17,967 The developer of the proprietary program 96 00:04:20,144 --> 00:04:21,144 However 97 00:04:21,244 --> 00:04:23,808 To be the lesser evil does not mean it's good 98 00:04:24,251 --> 00:04:27,202 It's never a good thing to make an agreement and break it 99 00:04:27,808 --> 00:04:29,175 Some agreements 100 00:04:29,322 --> 00:04:31,404 Are inherently evil 101 00:04:31,621 --> 00:04:34,635 And keeping them is worse than breaking them 102 00:04:34,953 --> 00:04:36,273 This is one example 103 00:04:36,373 --> 00:04:37,373 But 104 00:04:38,029 --> 00:04:41,881 Making the agreement only to break it is not a good thing 105 00:04:42,937 --> 00:04:46,152 And if you do give your friend a copy what will he have ? 106 00:04:46,424 --> 00:04:49,966 He will have a unauthorizes copy of a proprietary program 107 00:04:50,533 --> 00:04:52,614 That's not a very good thing either 108 00:04:52,770 --> 00:04:55,682 That's almost as bad as an authorized copy 109 00:04:56,870 --> 00:04:57,870 'coughing' 110 00:04:58,993 --> 00:04:59,993 So 111 00:05:00,404 --> 00:05:01,515 One you've 112 00:05:01,740 --> 00:05:05,390 Clearly understood this dilemma what you should really do 113 00:05:05,490 --> 00:05:07,355 Is make sure you are never in it 114 00:05:09,111 --> 00:05:10,780 Their are two ways to do that 115 00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:13,374 One is "Don't have any friends" 116 00:05:14,485 --> 00:05:18,027 That's the method suggested by the proprietary software developers 117 00:05:18,570 --> 00:05:20,496 And the other method is 118 00:05:20,628 --> 00:05:23,005 Don't use the propriatory program 119 00:05:23,269 --> 00:05:24,706 That's the method I've chosen 120 00:05:24,954 --> 00:05:26,904 If somebody offers me a program 121 00:05:27,401 --> 00:05:30,834 On the condition that I promise note to share it with you 122 00:05:31,385 --> 00:05:32,636 I would say no 123 00:05:32,946 --> 00:05:36,729 Because to agree to that condition would be a betrayal and I won't do it 124 00:05:38,694 --> 00:05:41,653 So that's the reason for freedom number two 125 00:05:41,753 --> 00:05:43,711 The freedom to help your neighbor 126 00:05:43,811 --> 00:05:47,664 The freedom to distribute copies to others when you wish 127 00:05:48,775 --> 00:05:50,825 Freedom zero is essential 128 00:05:51,151 --> 00:05:52,704 On practical ground 129 00:05:52,976 --> 00:05:54,413 So that you can have 130 00:05:54,513 --> 00:05:56,836 Control of your own computing 131 00:05:57,846 --> 00:05:58,848 Witch means 132 00:05:58,948 --> 00:06:01,535 To be in control of your own life 133 00:06:01,842 --> 00:06:03,303 In use of computers 134 00:06:04,446 --> 00:06:07,594 It may be surprising but their are proprietary programs 135 00:06:07,694 --> 00:06:08,694 That 136 00:06:08,877 --> 00:06:12,359 Even restrict how you can use a authorize copy 137 00:06:12,918 --> 00:06:14,053 They may restrict 138 00:06:14,551 --> 00:06:20,544 Who can run them or how much or how many or on witch computer or for what purpose 139 00:06:20,964 --> 00:06:24,073 This is obviously NOT having control on your own computing 140 00:06:24,236 --> 00:06:26,094 So freedom zero is essential 141 00:06:26,879 --> 00:06:28,091 But it's not enoughs 142 00:06:28,191 --> 00:06:31,558 Because that's just the freedom to either do or not do 143 00:06:31,683 --> 00:06:33,393 What ever the developer 144 00:06:33,564 --> 00:06:34,901 Already decided 145 00:06:35,056 --> 00:06:37,271 So the developer still controls you 146 00:06:37,427 --> 00:06:38,912 He controls you 147 00:06:39,012 --> 00:06:41,321 Trough the code of the program 148 00:06:42,350 --> 00:06:43,350 So 149 00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:46,490 In order to have really control of your own computing 150 00:06:46,590 --> 00:06:48,511 You need freedom number one 151 00:06:48,651 --> 00:06:51,535 The freedom to study the source code and then change it 152 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:53,875 So the program does what you want 153 00:06:54,699 --> 00:06:56,113 With this freedom 154 00:06:56,213 --> 00:06:58,290 You decide what your computing is 155 00:06:58,390 --> 00:07:00,894 Instead of the developer deciding for you 156 00:07:02,254 --> 00:07:05,013 If you use a program without freedom number one 157 00:07:05,192 --> 00:07:07,198 You can't even tell what it's really doing 158 00:07:08,063 --> 00:07:09,063 Many 159 00:07:09,163 --> 00:07:11,574 Non free programs have malicious features 160 00:07:11,674 --> 00:07:15,056 Witch are not typically announced to the user 161 00:07:15,305 --> 00:07:16,471 For instance 162 00:07:16,571 --> 00:07:19,013 Many non free/libre programs are spyware 163 00:07:19,191 --> 00:07:22,339 They report on what their users are doing 164 00:07:23,132 --> 00:07:29,219 One non free program you may have heard of that spies on the user is called microsoft windows 165 00:07:30,190 --> 00:07:32,017 When the user of windows 166 00:07:32,359 --> 00:07:36,502 And I won't say you because I'm sure you wouldn't use a program like this 167 00:07:36,642 --> 00:07:38,640 When the user of windows 168 00:07:38,873 --> 00:07:43,381 Uses the windows feature to search her own files for a word 169 00:07:44,151 --> 00:07:47,882 Windows sends a message saying what word was search for 170 00:07:48,138 --> 00:07:50,540 That's one spy feature but there is another 171 00:07:51,131 --> 00:07:54,745 When windows xp asks for 172 00:07:54,845 --> 00:07:55,845 An upgrade 173 00:07:56,479 --> 00:07:57,886 It also sends 174 00:07:57,986 --> 00:08:01,329 A message with all the software installed on the machine 175 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:03,125 That's another spy feature 176 00:08:03,459 --> 00:08:07,097 Microsoft did not tell the public about these spy features 177 00:08:07,197 --> 00:08:09,172 People add to figure them out 178 00:08:09,272 --> 00:08:10,602 And it wasn't easy 179 00:08:11,667 --> 00:08:13,191 So their may be others 180 00:08:13,291 --> 00:08:14,714 That we don't know about 181 00:08:15,717 --> 00:08:17,256 Please however don't think 182 00:08:17,497 --> 00:08:20,163 That it's only windows that spies on the user 183 00:08:20,762 --> 00:08:22,192 Windows media player 184 00:08:22,292 --> 00:08:26,389 Also spies on the user it reports everything that the user looks at 185 00:08:27,224 --> 00:08:28,224 But 186 00:08:28,324 --> 00:08:30,478 This is not something that... 187 00:08:31,045 --> 00:08:34,955 Is unique to the most evil of companies microsoft 188 00:08:35,181 --> 00:08:38,531 Is just another proprietary software developer 189 00:08:38,631 --> 00:08:40,544 And lots of them spy on the user 190 00:08:40,644 --> 00:08:41,644 For instance 191 00:08:41,744 --> 00:08:46,374 Real player also spies on the user in the same way as windows media player 192 00:08:46,778 --> 00:08:49,304 And I think real player did it first 193 00:08:50,703 --> 00:08:53,929 But malicious features get worse than just spying 194 00:08:54,201 --> 00:08:57,614 There is also the functionality of refusing to function 195 00:08:58,686 --> 00:09:00,793 Where the program says 196 00:09:01,065 --> 00:09:04,127 I don't wanna let you see this file 197 00:09:04,555 --> 00:09:07,757 I don't wanna let you copy this file 198 00:09:07,991 --> 00:09:10,867 I'm not gonna print this file for you 199 00:09:10,967 --> 00:09:12,849 Cause I don't like you 200 00:09:14,465 --> 00:09:18,888 This is also know as Digital Restriction Management 201 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:20,933 Or DRM 202 00:09:21,127 --> 00:09:22,487 The intentional 203 00:09:22,587 --> 00:09:23,886 Functionality 204 00:09:24,057 --> 00:09:26,622 Of refusing to function for you 205 00:09:27,579 --> 00:09:30,859 Because the program isn't design to serve you 206 00:09:30,959 --> 00:09:33,377 It's design to serve someone else 207 00:09:33,696 --> 00:09:35,717 By controlling you 208 00:09:38,336 --> 00:09:40,800 There are also Backdoors 209 00:09:41,500 --> 00:09:44,462 Malicious feature to attack the user 210 00:09:46,205 --> 00:09:47,205 One 211 00:09:47,305 --> 00:09:50,913 Proprietary program that you might have herd of that as a backdoor 212 00:09:51,013 --> 00:09:53,610 Is called microsoft windows 213 00:09:53,727 --> 00:09:56,595 You see when windows asks for an upgrade 214 00:09:57,015 --> 00:10:00,054 Microsoft more or less knows the users identity 215 00:10:00,287 --> 00:10:03,132 Witch means that microsoft could deliver to him 216 00:10:03,232 --> 00:10:06,187 An upgrade design specifically for him 217 00:10:06,669 --> 00:10:11,667 In other words microsoft can take control of is computer and do anything he wants to him 218 00:10:12,841 --> 00:10:17,909 That is the backdoor whose existence we can deduce from know facts, are their others ? 219 00:10:18,484 --> 00:10:19,961 Maybe we can't tell 220 00:10:20,948 --> 00:10:25,527 A few years ago some programmers in India who where working on developing 221 00:10:25,627 --> 00:10:26,817 windows xp 222 00:10:26,917 --> 00:10:29,693 Where arrested and accused for working for al qaeda 223 00:10:30,556 --> 00:10:35,818 Accused of trying to putting another backdoor that microsoft wasn't supposed to know about 224 00:10:36,844 --> 00:10:38,694 Apparently that attempt failed 225 00:10:39,137 --> 00:10:40,303 Was their another ? 226 00:10:41,829 --> 00:10:42,829 We don't know 227 00:10:43,350 --> 00:10:46,187 But microsoft was caught in 1999 228 00:10:46,405 --> 00:10:49,895 Having installed a backdoor in some server software 229 00:10:50,727 --> 00:10:54,147 One behalf of another dangerous 230 00:10:54,247 --> 00:10:55,247 Powerfull 231 00:10:55,347 --> 00:10:58,096 Violent organization the united states government 232 00:10:58,368 --> 00:11:01,189 Specifically the National Security Agency 233 00:11:02,549 --> 00:11:06,366 And this illustrates the fact that you simply can't trust 234 00:11:06,584 --> 00:11:08,208 A non free program 235 00:11:08,542 --> 00:11:11,279 And yet all the non free software developers 236 00:11:11,379 --> 00:11:14,333 That don't give you the source code 237 00:11:14,433 --> 00:11:17,031 Demand blind faith 238 00:11:17,131 --> 00:11:18,927 Blind total trust 239 00:11:19,456 --> 00:11:22,122 All non free software is therefor 240 00:11:22,222 --> 00:11:24,361 Just trust me... software 241 00:11:24,532 --> 00:11:27,882 And yet we know that many of those developers 242 00:11:27,982 --> 00:11:29,934 Have betrayed their users already 243 00:11:30,323 --> 00:11:31,885 Of course there are also 244 00:11:31,985 --> 00:11:33,129 Those that have not 245 00:11:33,595 --> 00:11:36,549 But there's no way anyone could to tell witch is witch 246 00:11:37,264 --> 00:11:41,282 There are the non free programs in witch we know there are malicious features 247 00:11:41,382 --> 00:11:44,073 And then there are non free programs in witch we don't know 248 00:11:44,173 --> 00:11:45,768 But we can never be sure 249 00:11:45,868 --> 00:11:48,752 That any given program doesn't have a malicious feature 250 00:11:49,273 --> 00:11:51,076 Because we can't see the source code 251 00:11:52,095 --> 00:11:53,175 So 252 00:11:53,455 --> 00:11:55,126 They all demand 253 00:11:55,437 --> 00:11:58,267 Trust based on nothing 254 00:11:58,694 --> 00:12:01,912 And none of really them can be trusted 255 00:12:02,619 --> 00:12:07,532 We can't tell witch of those developers are the ones that don't put in malicious features 256 00:12:07,890 --> 00:12:09,250 But what about them 257 00:12:10,058 --> 00:12:14,792 Even tho they don't put in malicious feature their still human so they still make mistakes 258 00:12:15,235 --> 00:12:16,844 Their code has errors 259 00:12:16,944 --> 00:12:20,477 And the user of a program without freedom number one 260 00:12:20,899 --> 00:12:23,611 The freedom to study and change the source code 261 00:12:24,383 --> 00:12:26,613 Is just as helpless 262 00:12:26,806 --> 00:12:29,349 Facing an unintentional error 263 00:12:30,048 --> 00:12:33,159 Has he is facing a deliberate malicious feature 264 00:12:33,259 --> 00:12:39,945 If you use a program without freedom number one you're a prisoner of your software 265 00:12:42,248 --> 00:12:47,926 We the developers of free software we are human too so we also make mistakes 266 00:12:48,432 --> 00:12:50,554 Are code also as errors 267 00:12:50,819 --> 00:12:52,133 The differences is 268 00:12:52,233 --> 00:12:55,966 That we don't keep you prisoners of hour errors 269 00:12:56,605 --> 00:12:59,546 We respect your freedom to correct them 270 00:12:59,646 --> 00:13:05,791 If their are errors in our code you can change them you can change anything in our code that you don't like 271 00:13:06,237 --> 00:13:11,312 We can't make ourself super human but we can respect your freedom 272 00:13:12,903 --> 00:13:16,001 However freedom number one is not enough 273 00:13:16,291 --> 00:13:20,546 Freedom one is the freedom to personally study and change the source code 274 00:13:20,646 --> 00:13:26,272 And that's not enough because there are millions of computer users that don't know how to program 275 00:13:26,372 --> 00:13:29,756 They can't personally exercise freedom number one 276 00:13:30,612 --> 00:13:33,026 But even for programmers like me 277 00:13:33,126 --> 00:13:35,346 Freedom number one is not enough 278 00:13:35,446 --> 00:13:38,354 Because there's just to much free software 279 00:13:39,883 --> 00:13:43,529 For anyone person to study and master it all 280 00:13:43,629 --> 00:13:46,664 And make all the changes that she might want 281 00:13:46,868 --> 00:13:50,743 So the only way we can fully take control of our own computing 282 00:13:50,843 --> 00:13:53,139 Is to do it working together 283 00:13:53,239 --> 00:13:54,239 Cooperating 284 00:13:54,339 --> 00:13:57,294 And for that we need freedom number three 285 00:13:57,394 --> 00:14:02,214 The freedom to distribute copies of our modified versions 286 00:14:03,132 --> 00:14:04,406 When we wish 287 00:14:04,763 --> 00:14:11,059 This freedom makes it possible for us to work together changing the program to do what it is we want 288 00:14:11,416 --> 00:14:14,756 Suppose there is a free program and there are millions users 289 00:14:14,856 --> 00:14:16,515 Who want a certain change 290 00:14:16,615 --> 00:14:20,313 Well by chance a few thousand will know how to program 291 00:14:20,593 --> 00:14:21,970 And someday 292 00:14:22,070 --> 00:14:25,411 A few of them will make the change they wanted and distribute it 293 00:14:25,511 --> 00:14:28,598 And all those millions users can adopt that change 294 00:14:28,954 --> 00:14:30,790 So they all get what they wanted 295 00:14:31,325 --> 00:14:32,472 Even tho 296 00:14:32,572 --> 00:14:35,939 Most of them didn't know how to right it themselves 297 00:14:36,039 --> 00:14:37,316 And the rest 298 00:14:37,416 --> 00:14:40,604 Could have but they didn't have to cause someone did it for them 299 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:49,475 And this shows how all users get benefit of the four freedoms 300 00:14:50,164 --> 00:14:54,571 Every user can directly take advantage of freedom zero 301 00:14:54,671 --> 00:14:56,921 The freedom to run the program as you wish 302 00:14:57,021 --> 00:15:01,290 And freedom two the freedom to distribute copies when you wish 303 00:15:01,724 --> 00:15:04,330 You don't have to program to do those things 304 00:15:04,892 --> 00:15:09,107 Freedom one and freedom three the freedom to 305 00:15:09,207 --> 00:15:13,577 Study and modify the source code and then to distribute your modified version 306 00:15:13,677 --> 00:15:14,677 These 307 00:15:14,777 --> 00:15:16,438 Entailed programming 308 00:15:16,538 --> 00:15:19,811 So any giving users can take advantage of these freedoms 309 00:15:19,911 --> 00:15:22,851 To the point that he knows how to program 310 00:15:22,951 --> 00:15:25,380 But when programmers do these things 311 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:31,587 All the others users can then install those modified versions distributed under freedom three 312 00:15:31,687 --> 00:15:36,135 So everybody gets the benefit of the four freedoms 313 00:15:36,235 --> 00:15:37,565 And the result 314 00:15:37,665 --> 00:15:39,430 Is democracy 315 00:15:40,656 --> 00:15:46,200 Because free software develops under the control of its users 316 00:15:48,422 --> 00:15:50,568 Proprietary software 317 00:15:50,668 --> 00:15:54,017 Develops always under the control of it's developer 318 00:15:54,117 --> 00:15:57,159 It's developer who decides what to let you do 319 00:15:57,593 --> 00:16:00,863 And the developer decides what NOT to let you do 320 00:16:00,963 --> 00:16:03,213 And there is nothing you can do about it 321 00:16:03,418 --> 00:16:05,206 With free software 322 00:16:05,359 --> 00:16:07,454 If you are motivated enough 323 00:16:07,554 --> 00:16:08,706 You always 324 00:16:08,806 --> 00:16:10,341 Can do something about it 325 00:16:11,669 --> 00:16:14,530 If you know how to program you can change it yourself 326 00:16:14,630 --> 00:16:16,702 If not if you really care 327 00:16:16,802 --> 00:16:18,311 You can learn how to program 328 00:16:18,411 --> 00:16:23,063 Or you can convince your cousin the programmer and do some other favor for her 329 00:16:23,163 --> 00:16:28,121 Or you can get together some money and pay a programmer 330 00:16:28,221 --> 00:16:30,037 To make whatever change you want it 331 00:16:30,137 --> 00:16:32,361 Of course it's usually business 332 00:16:32,461 --> 00:16:34,635 That take advantage of that option 333 00:16:34,735 --> 00:16:36,781 But anyone can 334 00:16:36,881 --> 00:16:41,967 So we always can change the programs if we want to enough 335 00:16:42,832 --> 00:16:46,862 What happens therefor if their are a thousand users 336 00:16:46,962 --> 00:16:49,297 Who want a certain change in a free program 337 00:16:49,811 --> 00:16:53,787 And none of them lets suppose knows how to program 338 00:16:54,003 --> 00:16:56,600 They can take advantage of the four freedoms 339 00:16:56,700 --> 00:16:58,656 By getting in touch with each other 340 00:16:58,756 --> 00:17:00,847 And then start a organization 341 00:17:00,947 --> 00:17:02,307 Witch they all join 342 00:17:02,407 --> 00:17:03,606 And the ideas is that 343 00:17:03,706 --> 00:17:06,040 Each one as to pay money to join 344 00:17:06,140 --> 00:17:09,340 And that way the organization gets money 345 00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:11,396 And can hire some programmers 346 00:17:11,496 --> 00:17:12,802 To make the change 347 00:17:12,902 --> 00:17:15,210 And then release their modified version 348 00:17:15,310 --> 00:17:18,428 So they use freedom number one and freedom three 349 00:17:18,969 --> 00:17:22,269 And thus these users gets the change they want 350 00:17:24,271 --> 00:17:25,921 Of course 351 00:17:26,164 --> 00:17:30,817 Once the organization is set up and has collected the money from the members 352 00:17:30,917 --> 00:17:32,331 And has to hire someone 353 00:17:32,431 --> 00:17:34,225 It has to chose who to hire 354 00:17:34,468 --> 00:17:35,929 And at that point 355 00:17:36,029 --> 00:17:37,029 The 356 00:17:37,498 --> 00:17:43,367 People in the organization will talk to various programmer asking each group 357 00:17:44,314 --> 00:17:47,208 When could you do this ? What would you charge ? 358 00:17:47,308 --> 00:17:49,480 Please show us what you've done already 359 00:17:49,580 --> 00:17:51,536 So that we can judge your abilities 360 00:17:51,725 --> 00:17:54,268 And this illustrates an important fact 361 00:17:54,457 --> 00:17:55,729 free software 362 00:17:55,829 --> 00:18:00,679 Brings with it a free market for all kinds of support and service 363 00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:08,063 Because anyone who as a copy of the program can study the source code and master it 364 00:18:08,163 --> 00:18:09,163 And 365 00:18:09,659 --> 00:18:11,904 Start providing support 366 00:18:12,004 --> 00:18:14,338 By contrast proprietary software 367 00:18:14,438 --> 00:18:16,908 Generally means a monopoly for support 368 00:18:17,008 --> 00:18:21,750 Only the developer has the source code, so only the developer can make any change 369 00:18:22,209 --> 00:18:24,211 If the user wants a change 370 00:18:24,346 --> 00:18:30,595 The users has to beg "Oh please all mighty developer please make this change for me" 371 00:18:31,217 --> 00:18:33,353 Sometimes the developer says 372 00:18:33,453 --> 00:18:36,112 Pays us and we'll listen to your problem 373 00:18:36,212 --> 00:18:38,763 If the users pays the developers says 374 00:18:38,863 --> 00:18:49,637 "Thank you in six month they will be an upgrade buy the upgrade and you'll see if we fixed your problem and you'll see what new problems what new problems we have in store for you" 375 00:18:51,693 --> 00:18:53,045 Therefore 376 00:18:55,128 --> 00:18:58,942 This monopoly of support is very pailful 377 00:18:59,915 --> 00:19:05,406 And thus all the organizations that believe a free market is advantageous 378 00:19:05,506 --> 00:19:09,382 And that say that good support is essential for them 379 00:19:09,518 --> 00:19:16,523 Ought to be stampeding over to free software so that they can get best support for they money 380 00:19:18,552 --> 00:19:22,907 Now this leaves us to a paradox 381 00:19:24,259 --> 00:19:29,453 Because usually when there's a choice between products to do a job we say there's no monopoly 382 00:19:29,553 --> 00:19:30,553 But 383 00:19:30,913 --> 00:19:35,511 When there's a choice between proprietary programs then yes there is monopoly 384 00:19:35,611 --> 00:19:38,460 Because if the user chooses this program 385 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:42,138 Then he's stuck after words in this monopoly for support 386 00:19:42,238 --> 00:19:45,249 But if the user choses this proprietary program 387 00:19:45,349 --> 00:19:48,387 He's stuck afterwards in this monopoly for support 388 00:19:48,487 --> 00:19:51,146 So it's a choice between monopolies 389 00:19:51,246 --> 00:19:56,393 The only way to escape from monopoly is to escape from proprietary software 390 00:19:56,493 --> 00:19:58,584 To escape to the free world 391 00:19:58,684 --> 00:19:59,684 And that 392 00:20:00,342 --> 00:20:03,480 Is what the free software movement is all about 393 00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:04,859 We have built 394 00:20:04,959 --> 00:20:08,186 A new continent in cyberspace 395 00:20:09,052 --> 00:20:13,894 A continent where everyone is welcome to come and live in freedom 396 00:20:13,994 --> 00:20:15,706 And that's the purpose of it 397 00:20:16,220 --> 00:20:19,628 We developed the GNU operating system 398 00:20:19,728 --> 00:20:23,307 So that it can be a place in cyberspace 399 00:20:23,407 --> 00:20:26,390 So that we can go and you can go 400 00:20:26,490 --> 00:20:29,609 So that you and we can all live in freedom 401 00:20:30,015 --> 00:20:32,693 Because it's a virtual continent 402 00:20:32,793 --> 00:20:35,614 It has room for all users 403 00:20:35,714 --> 00:20:37,967 And because we built it 404 00:20:38,067 --> 00:20:41,862 We didn't have to take it away from any indigenous people 405 00:20:41,962 --> 00:20:43,133 Everyone 406 00:20:43,233 --> 00:20:44,233 Legitimately 407 00:20:44,486 --> 00:20:45,541 Is Welcome 408 00:20:45,838 --> 00:20:47,407 In the free world 409 00:20:47,507 --> 00:20:49,679 Of the GNU plus linux system 410 00:20:49,896 --> 00:20:51,762 I hope that you will all 411 00:20:51,862 --> 00:20:53,412 Move to free software 412 00:20:53,512 --> 00:20:55,495 And live in freedom with us 413 00:20:56,441 --> 00:21:01,418 But we can't take for granted that freedom will last for ever 414 00:21:05,043 --> 00:21:09,885 Freedom is frequently threatened that's what life is like 415 00:21:11,589 --> 00:21:17,566 In order to keep your freedom you have to be prepared at any time to defend your freedom 416 00:21:18,838 --> 00:21:22,489 When people are not willing to not defend their freedom 417 00:21:22,922 --> 00:21:26,060 We get something like the united states today 418 00:21:26,899 --> 00:21:27,899 Where 419 00:21:28,494 --> 00:21:30,874 Our most basic freedoms 420 00:21:30,974 --> 00:21:34,688 Such as the freedom not to be put in prison without a trial 421 00:21:35,446 --> 00:21:42,803 Have bin taken away by our own leaders who say their protecting us from other secondary enemies 422 00:21:44,345 --> 00:21:45,643 So 423 00:21:46,725 --> 00:21:51,567 You must if you want to have freedom you must be ready to defend it 424 00:21:52,730 --> 00:21:58,653 If we're to succeed in defending our freedom there must be many of us 425 00:21:59,627 --> 00:22:05,172 But that requires many of us who value freedom who appreciate it 426 00:22:06,092 --> 00:22:09,419 And in order to appreciate and value our freedom 427 00:22:09,519 --> 00:22:12,070 We first need to know what it is 428 00:22:12,935 --> 00:22:17,831 And in the community of users of the GNU plus linux system 429 00:22:18,643 --> 00:22:20,915 We haven't got very far on this 430 00:22:21,015 --> 00:22:24,025 Most of the users of the GNU plus linux system 431 00:22:24,125 --> 00:22:27,460 Have never even heard the ideas I've told you today 432 00:22:27,893 --> 00:22:29,787 And the reason is 433 00:22:29,887 --> 00:22:30,887 That 434 00:22:31,869 --> 00:22:34,520 When the 435 00:22:35,278 --> 00:22:39,200 GNU system was finished of by the development 436 00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:42,202 Of the kernel linux by Linus Torvalds 437 00:22:42,302 --> 00:22:44,636 When the two where combined 438 00:22:44,736 --> 00:22:46,527 The almost finished GNU system 439 00:22:46,627 --> 00:22:48,032 And the kernel linux 440 00:22:48,132 --> 00:22:54,275 When they where put together to make a complete system that you could install in a pc 441 00:22:55,181 --> 00:22:59,138 People got confused and the thought the whole system was linux 442 00:23:00,197 --> 00:23:04,210 And has a result they tended to listen to the philosophical views 443 00:23:04,433 --> 00:23:06,049 Of Linus Torvalds 444 00:23:06,467 --> 00:23:08,961 Thinking he had done the all thing 445 00:23:09,825 --> 00:23:11,302 Now has it happens 446 00:23:11,402 --> 00:23:16,709 Torvalds doesn't agree with these ideas of freedom of the free software movement 447 00:23:17,238 --> 00:23:18,465 He never did 448 00:23:18,729 --> 00:23:21,753 He likes to refer to himself A political (neutral) 449 00:23:21,853 --> 00:23:22,853 Now 450 00:23:22,953 --> 00:23:24,860 When you say you're A political (neutral) 451 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:27,564 You actually making a political statement 452 00:23:27,664 --> 00:23:28,664 You're saying 453 00:23:28,764 --> 00:23:31,493 Don't pay attention to those political issues 454 00:23:31,593 --> 00:23:34,851 Make your decision based on other criteria 455 00:23:35,729 --> 00:23:41,080 And he advises people to chose software on practical convenience alone 456 00:23:41,428 --> 00:23:46,138 He says that we shouldn't value freedom that we shouldn't insist on freedom 457 00:23:46,793 --> 00:23:48,590 And we shouldn't work together 458 00:23:48,925 --> 00:23:50,653 To defends each others freedom 459 00:23:51,283 --> 00:23:52,283 Well 460 00:23:52,673 --> 00:23:55,251 When people listen to him what happens ? 461 00:23:55,951 --> 00:23:56,951 They 462 00:23:57,620 --> 00:23:59,459 Don't value freedom 463 00:23:59,559 --> 00:24:04,643 They aren't ready to defend it and our community is weak wen our freedom is threatened 464 00:24:06,496 --> 00:24:08,753 Starting in 1998 465 00:24:09,784 --> 00:24:13,101 Some people stopped talking about free software 466 00:24:13,201 --> 00:24:15,372 And started using a different term 467 00:24:15,472 --> 00:24:18,646 They coined the term open source 468 00:24:19,037 --> 00:24:23,900 And they promoted this to talk about the same free software 469 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,185 Without saying free software 470 00:24:26,533 --> 00:24:32,079 And without ever presenting it as an ethical issue of wright an wrong 471 00:24:32,887 --> 00:24:36,008 So the result is that today 472 00:24:36,608 --> 00:24:39,701 Most of the users of GNU slash linux 473 00:24:39,801 --> 00:24:42,571 Have hardly heard the term free software 474 00:24:42,671 --> 00:24:43,671 And have never 475 00:24:43,771 --> 00:24:44,771 Herd 476 00:24:44,871 --> 00:24:48,591 The philosophical ideas that it stands for 477 00:24:49,427 --> 00:24:50,611 So they think 478 00:24:50,711 --> 00:24:54,541 That what's good about the software is that it's powerfull and reliable 479 00:24:55,739 --> 00:24:57,161 Well I'm glad 480 00:24:57,356 --> 00:25:01,132 If free software also turns out to be powerfull and reliable 481 00:25:01,232 --> 00:25:03,041 I appreciate that too 482 00:25:03,779 --> 00:25:07,291 But if we're going to defend our freedom 483 00:25:07,751 --> 00:25:10,691 And keep our freedom thought the years 484 00:25:11,081 --> 00:25:16,571 We need to teach these people to appreciate freedom and value it and defend it as well 485 00:25:17,017 --> 00:25:20,277 And that's a place that we need your help 486 00:25:20,598 --> 00:25:24,611 We need your help in explaining these ideas to other people 487 00:25:24,931 --> 00:25:26,339 We need your help 488 00:25:26,548 --> 00:25:27,899 In doing work 489 00:25:27,999 --> 00:25:29,864 To defend free software 490 00:25:29,964 --> 00:25:30,964 In 491 00:25:31,857 --> 00:25:35,856 Technical work such as developing software and manuals 492 00:25:35,956 --> 00:25:38,629 And in political organizing 493 00:25:38,729 --> 00:25:40,106 To campaign 494 00:25:40,301 --> 00:25:44,328 Against the dangerous laws that are propose in many countries 495 00:25:44,428 --> 00:25:46,738 That would take away 496 00:25:47,310 --> 00:25:50,111 The right to develop free software 497 00:25:51,546 --> 00:25:54,221 India is right now considering 498 00:25:54,765 --> 00:25:57,050 A change in copyright law 499 00:25:57,774 --> 00:26:02,526 That would follow the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the us 500 00:26:02,749 --> 00:26:11,221 This law if adopted would prohibit free software for important jobs such as playing a dvd 501 00:26:12,684 --> 00:26:14,663 Not that long ago 502 00:26:14,763 --> 00:26:19,108 India considered a law to authorize software patents 503 00:26:19,944 --> 00:26:21,268 That was block 504 00:26:22,340 --> 00:26:26,367 Through the help of friends of the free software foundation of India 505 00:26:27,444 --> 00:26:28,444 So 506 00:26:29,001 --> 00:26:31,453 That law if it had bin adopted 507 00:26:31,553 --> 00:26:37,375 Would have meant that every software developer was constantly in danger of being sued 508 00:26:38,267 --> 00:26:41,709 Because of the techniques implemented in the program 509 00:26:42,211 --> 00:26:46,739 Complicate programs combines thousands of different ideas and techniques 510 00:26:46,839 --> 00:26:47,839 So 511 00:26:48,049 --> 00:26:50,766 If only ten percent of them are patented 512 00:26:50,866 --> 00:26:53,051 That means hundreds of patents 513 00:26:53,151 --> 00:26:58,458 Each one prohibiting some piece of a large program 514 00:26:59,155 --> 00:27:05,899 The proprietory software developers sometimes can get out of this problem by paying the licenses 515 00:27:06,247 --> 00:27:09,954 But free software developers don't usually have the money to do that 516 00:27:10,054 --> 00:27:13,785 So we're likely to be totally excluded 517 00:27:15,625 --> 00:27:17,450 Twenty three years ago 518 00:27:17,550 --> 00:27:20,502 When we started developing the gnu operating system 519 00:27:20,602 --> 00:27:22,090 Nobody knew 520 00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:23,190 If we would 521 00:27:23,290 --> 00:27:30,994 If we and the free software community would have the capability to develop such a large collection of software 522 00:27:31,094 --> 00:27:33,962 Today we've done that and much more 523 00:27:34,062 --> 00:27:40,024 Today there are two basically different software operating system 524 00:27:40,124 --> 00:27:41,320 There are two 525 00:27:41,724 --> 00:27:44,538 Graphical interfaces that are free 526 00:27:44,638 --> 00:27:50,042 Two office productivity suite and thousands of free application programs 527 00:27:51,826 --> 00:27:57,163 So we've shown that we can develop the software that people need 528 00:27:57,263 --> 00:28:01,036 We haven't done all of it yet there is still a lot of work to do 529 00:28:01,273 --> 00:28:03,349 But we're within 530 00:28:03,449 --> 00:28:07,181 Perhaps an order of magnitude of doing the whole job 531 00:28:08,366 --> 00:28:10,512 What's not certain today 532 00:28:10,612 --> 00:28:11,612 Is wetter 533 00:28:11,989 --> 00:28:14,580 Powerfull wellfy companies 534 00:28:15,389 --> 00:28:18,552 Will let us continue to serve the public 535 00:28:19,611 --> 00:28:22,286 To make sure that we can continue doing so 536 00:28:22,704 --> 00:28:25,742 We now need political organizing 537 00:28:26,034 --> 00:28:30,229 To add that to the work of software development 538 00:28:31,399 --> 00:28:33,280 I hope that you will join 539 00:28:33,380 --> 00:28:36,457 In one part of the movement or the other 540 00:28:36,987 --> 00:28:38,882 We need your help